1950s
Batch systems
Early
1960s
Some
operating systems from the 1950s include: FORTRAN Monitor System, General
Motors Operating System, Input Output System, SAGE, and SOS.
SAGE
(Semi-Automatic Ground Environment), designed to monitor weapons systems, was
the first real time control system.
Batch systems
Batch
systems automated the early approach of having human operators load one program
at a time. Instead of having a human operator load each program, software
handled the scheduling of jobs. In addition to programmers submitting their
jobs,, end users could submit requests to run specific programs with specific
data sets (usually stored in files or on cards). The operating system would
schedule “batches” of related jobs. Output (punched cards, magnetic tapes,
printed material, etc.) would be returned to each user.
General
Motors Operating System, created by General Motors Research Laboratories in
early 1956 (or late 1955) for thieir IBM 701 mainframe is generally considered
to be the first batch operating system and possibly the first “real” operating
system.
The
operating system would read in a program and its data, run that program to
completion (including outputing data), and then load the next program in series
as long as there were additional jobs available.
Batch
operating systems used a Job Control Language (JCL) to give the operating
system instructions. These instructions included designation of which punched
cards were data and which were programs, indications of which compiler to use,
which centralized utilities were to be run, which I/O devices might be used,
estimates of expected run time, and other details.
This type
of batch operating system was known as a single stream batch processing system.
Examples
of operating systems that were primarily batch-oriented include: BKY, BOS/360, BPS/360,
CAL, and Chios.
Early
1960s
The early
1960s saw the introduction of time sharing and multi-processing.
Some
operating systems from the early 1960s include: Admiral, B1, B2, B3, B4, Basic
Executive System, BOS/360, Compatible Timesharing System (CTSS), EXEC I, EXEC
II, Honeywell Executive System, IBM 1410/1710 OS, IBSYS, Input Output Control
System, Master Control Program, and SABRE.
The
first major transaction processing system was SABRE (Semi-Automatic Business
Related Environment), developed by IBM and American Airlines.